Breakpoints In Dev C++

Sep 18, 2009 Debugging with DevC.

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Use breakpoints to pause your JavaScript code. This guide explains each type of breakpoint that is available in DevTools, as well as when to use and how to set each type. For a hands-on tutorial of the debugging process, see Get Started with Debugging JavaScript in Microsoft Edge DevTools.

Overview of when to use each breakpoint type

The most well-known type of breakpoint is line-of-code. But line-of-code breakpoints may be inefficient to set, especially if you do not know exactly where to look, or if you are working with a large codebase. You may save yourself time when debugging by knowing how and when to use the other types of breakpoints.

Breakpoint Type	Use This When You Want To Pause..
Line-of-code	On an exact region of code.
Conditional line-of-code	On an exact region of code, but only when some other condition is true.
DOM	On the code that changes or removes a specific DOM node, or the children.
XHR	When an XHR URL contains a string pattern.
Event listener	On the code that runs after an event, such as `click`, runs.
Exception	On the line of code that is throwing a caught or uncaught exception.
Function	Whenever a specific command, function, or method is run.

Line-of-code breakpoints

Use a line-of-code breakpoint when you know the exact region of code that you need to investigate. DevTools always pauses before this line of code is run.

To set a line-of-code breakpoint in DevTools:

Click the Sources tab.
Open the file containing the line of code on which you want to break.
Go the line of code.
To the left of the line of code is the line number column. Click on it. A red icon appears next to the line number column.

Figure 1

A line-of-code breakpoint set on line 30

Line-of-code breakpoints in your code

Run the debugger method from your code to pause on that line. This is equivalent to a line-of-code breakpoint, except that the breakpoint is set in your code, not in the DevTools UI.

Conditional line-of-code breakpoints

Use a conditional line-of-code breakpoint when you know the exact region of code that you need to investigate, but you want to pause only when some other condition is true.

To set a conditional line-of-code breakpoint:

Click the Sources tab.
Open the file containing the line of code on which you want to break.
Go the line of code.
To the left of the line of code is the line number column. Right-click the line number.
Select Add conditional breakpoint. A dialog displays underneath the line of code.
Enter your condition in the dialog.
Press Enter to activate the breakpoint. An icon next to the line number column.

Figure 2

A conditional line-of-code breakpoint set on line 34

Manage line-of-code breakpoints

Use the Breakpoints pane to disable or remove line-of-code breakpoints from a single location.

Figure 3

The Breakpoints panel showing two line-of-code breakpoints: one on line 16 of get-started.js, another on line 33

Check the checkbox next to an entry to disable that breakpoint.
Right-click an entry to remove that breakpoint.
Right-click anywhere in the Breakpoints pane to deactivate all breakpoints, disable all breakpoints, or remove all breakpoints. Disabling all breakpoints is equivalent to unchecking each one. Deactivating all breakpoints instructs DevTools to ignore all line-of-code breakpoints, but to also maintain the enabled state so that each are in the same state as before when you reactivate each one.

Figure 4

Deactivated breakpoints in the Breakpoints pane are disabled and transparent

DOM change breakpoints

Use a DOM change breakpoint when you want to pause on the code that changes a DOM node or the children.

To set a DOM change breakpoint:

Click the Elements tab.
Go the element on which you want to set the breakpoint.
Right-click the element.
Hover over Break on, then select Subtree modifications, Attribute modifications, or Node removal.

Figure 5

The context menu for creating a DOM change breakpoint

Types of DOM change breakpoints

Subtree modifications. Triggered when a child of the currently-selected node is removed or added, or the contents of a child are changed. Not triggered on child node attribute changes, or on any changes to the currently-selected node.
Attributes modifications: Triggered when an attribute is added or removed on the currently-selected node, or when an attribute value changes.
Node Removal: Triggered when the currently-selected node is removed.

XHR/Fetch breakpoints

Use an XHR breakpoint when you want to break when the request URL of an XHR contains a specified string. DevTools pauses on the line of code where the XHR runs the send() method.

Note

This feature also works with Fetch API requests.

One example of when this is helpful is when you see that your page is requesting an incorrect URL, and you want to quickly find the AJAX or Fetch source code that is causing the incorrect request.

To set an XHR breakpoint:

Click the Sources tab.
Expand the XHR Breakpoints pane.
Click Add breakpoint.
Enter the string which you want to break on. DevTools pauses when this string is present anywhere in an XHR request URL.
Press Enter to confirm.

Figure 6

Creating an XHR breakpoint in the XHR Breakpoints for any request that contains org in the URL

Event listener breakpoints

Use event listener breakpoints when you want to pause on the event listener code that runs after an event is fired. You are able to select specific events, such as click, or categories of events, such as all mouse events.

Click the Sources tab.
Expand the Event Listener Breakpoints pane. DevTools shows a list of event categories, such as Animation.
Check one of these categories to pause whenever any event from that category is fired, or expand the category and check a specific event.

Figure 7

Creating an event listener breakpoint for deviceorientation

Exception breakpoints

Use exception breakpoints when you want to pause on the line of code that is throwing a caught or uncaught exception.

Click the Sources tab.
Click Pause on exceptions . The icon turns blue when enabled.
Figure 8
The Pause on exceptions button
Optional. Check the Pause On Caught Exceptions checkbox if you also want to pause on caught exceptions, in addition to uncaught ones.

Figure 9

Paused on an uncaught exception

Function breakpoints

Run the debug(method) method, where method is the command, function, or method you want to debug, when you want to pause whenever a specific function is run. You may insert debug() into your code (like a console.log() statement) or run the method from the DevTools Console. debug() is equivalent to setting a line-of-code breakpoint on the first line of the function.

Make sure the target function is in scope

DevTools throws a ReferenceError if the function you want to debug is not in scope.

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Ensuring the target function is in scope is tricky if you are running the debug() method from the DevTools Console. Here is one strategy:

Set a line-of-code breakpoint somewhere where the function is in scope.
Trigger the breakpoint.
Run the debug() method in the DevTools Console while the code is still paused on your line-of-code breakpoint.

Note

Portions of this page are modifications based on work created and shared by Google and used according to terms described in the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The original page is found here and is authored by Kayce Basques (Technical Writer, Chrome DevTools & Lighthouse).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

What Is a Breakpoint?

Breakpoints, for load mutual funds, are the dollar amounts for the purchase of the fund's shares that qualifies the investor for a reduced sales charges. Breakpoints offer investors a discount for making larger investments. The purchase may either be made in a lump sum or by staggering payments within a specified period of time. The latter form of investment purchase in a fund must be documented by a letter of intent.

Key Takeaways

Breakpoints for load mutual funds are the dollar amounts for the purchase of the fund's shares that qualifies the investor for a reduced sales charge.
Breakpoints allow for reduced fees for large purchases, which often benefit institutional investors.
Breakpoints are determined by the mutual fund and integrated within the fund distribution process.
Rights of accumulation (ROA) grant existing holders of mutual fund shares the potential for reduced loads (commissions) when purchasing more fund shares to reach breakpoints.

Understanding Breakpoints

Breakpoints are set at various levels to offer investors a discount on sales charges when they make larger investments. Breakpoints are determined by the mutual fund and integrated within the fund distribution process. They are typically offered for funds with a front-end sales charge but may be available for other types of sales charges as well.

Mutual funds are required to give a description of breakpoints and eligibility requirements in the fund prospectus. By reaching or surpassing a breakpoint, an investor will face a lower sales charge and save money.

Breakpoint discounts often begin at $25,000. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) provides the following example of a breakpoint discount schedule:

Investment and Sales Charge

Less than $25,000 5.00%
At least $25,000, but less than $50,000 4.25%
At least $50,000, but less than $100,000 3.75%
At least $100,000, but less than $250,000 3.25%
At least $250,000, but less than $500,000 2.75%
At least $500,000, but less than $1 million 2.00%
$1 million or more No sales charge

Breakpoint Qualifications

When a mutual fund offers breakpoint discounts, there are a few ways an investor can qualify. If an investor’s initial purchase reaches a breakpoint they can expect to receive the corresponding discount rate.

Given the FINRA breakpoint schedule, suppose that an investor plans to invest $100,000 in a front-end loadmutual fund with a standard sales charge of 5.00%, or $5,000. Since the fund offers breakpoints, the investor’s front-end sales charge would be reduced to 3.25% or $3,250. The breakpoints help this investor to save $1,750 on the transaction.

Mutual funds also allow investors to qualify for breakpoints through Letters of Intent and rights of accumulation (ROA).

Letter of Intent

A Letter of Intent (LOI) allows an investor to qualify for breakpoints by committing to an investment schedule over a period of time. A Letter of Intent is a formal document signed by the investor outlining their plans for investment in the fund. A LOI will typically allow for future investments to be considered over the next 13 months. With an LOI an investor can receive the sales charge breakpoint associated with their total investment.

For example, assume a new investor would like to make a $50,000 investment in a fund. The fund follows the sample fee schedule outlined above and has a standard sales charge of 5.00%. If the investor commits to making ten $5,000 payments over the next 13 months through a Letter of Intent then the investor will pay a 3.75% sales charge on each investment.

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Rights of Accumulation

Visual Studio Data Breakpoint

Rights of accumulation (ROA) allow investors to pay sales charges based on their total investment in the fund. Assume the new investor from the example above would like to make additional investments after the Letter of Intent has expired. Any additional investments would incur a sales charge of 3.75% until the investor reaches the next breakpoint of $100,000.